Access to natural resources

Access to natural resources Theme

News (10)

Cultivating Crime: In the West Bank, the Naqab, and Northern Gaza Strip

By :Amir Makhoul, Progress Center for Arab Policy

18 November 2024

Settlement of Farms in the West Bank, the Naqab, and Northern Gaza Strip In its monitoring report on the annexation and settlement project since 7 October 2023 and the declaration of war on Gaza, the Peace Now movement confirms the unprecedented overt and covert acceleration of the annexation of the West
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HRW: Displacement of Palestinians in Gaza, War Crimes and Crimes against Humanity

By :HRW

14 November 2024

HRW: Displacement of Palestinians in Gaza, War Crimes and Crimes against Humanity A new report from Human Rights Watch (HRW) documents Israel’s massive deliberate forced displacement of Palestinians in Gaza, amounting to war crimes and crimes against humanity. The report examines how Israel’s conduct led to the widespread destruction of much
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Statement: Israel Bans UNRWA, the Palestinian People`s Lifeline

30 October 2024

Israel Bans UNRWA, Gaza’s Lifeline: Latest Move in Ongoing Campaign Against the Palestinian People and Their Right of Return On 28 October 2024, the Israeli Parliament (Knesset) nearly unanimously passed two laws explicitly designed to disrupt the operations and essential services of the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine
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South Africa’s Legal Team: “intent is clear” in Israel’s Gaza Genocide

By :Qaanitah Hunter, Aljazeera

28 October 2024

South Africa’s legal team says ‘intent is clear’ in Israel’s Gaza genocide Lawyers submit hundreds of pages of evidence to meet Monday ICJ deadline to prove, on paper, that Israel is guilty of genocide in Gaza. JOHANNESBURG—While South African legal researchers were in an undisclosed location last week, racing against time to
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UN Human Rights Chief Finally Reminds of Genocide Convention Obligations

By :OHCHR

25 October 2024

UN High Commission for Human Rights Volker Türk has been reserved in his statements about the genocide that Israel has wrought on the Palestinian people, including in the ongoing wave since October 2023. However, today he has broken silence on the applicability of the Genocide Convention, saying “The International Court
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UN Experts: `Israel must stop violent settler attacks on Palestinian farmers that threaten their olive harvest`

By :OHCHR

22 October 2024

Israel must stop violent settler attacks on Palestinian farmers that threaten their olive harvest, say UN experts GENEVA (16 October 2024) – Palestinian farmers in Israeli-occupied West Bank are facing the most dangerous olive season ever, UN experts* said today. The intimidation of farmers, restriction of access to lands, severe harassment and
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One Year on: Loss & Damage Fund Meets Deadlines, but Decisions Lag

09 October 2024

One Year in, New Loss and Damage Fund Has Met Deadlines, but Decisions on its Vision, Scope, and Scale Are still to Come Analysis The new Loss and Damage Fund (FRLD) aims to support climate-vulnerable countries against escalating damages. Despite meeting setup milestones, key questions on funding scale, the operational model, and
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Syria: `Afrin Farmers under Land-confiscation Threat as Olive Harvest Begins

08 October 2024

The inhabitants of the `Afrin region, northwest Syria, are still being subjected to many serious violations, especially with the militarization policies imposed by the National Army factions supported by the Turkish government on `Afrin and its countryside, after the Turkish army and those armed factions invaded the city and the
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EU Court Upholds Sahrawi Sovereignty, Annuls EU-Morocco Agreements

By :Sahrawi Press Service (SPS)

04 October 2024

EU Court ruling: Morocco has no sovereignty over Western Sahara and EU-Morocco Agreements involving the Territory are invalid LUXEMBOURG (EU Court)—In a landmark decision delivered this morning, the European Court of Justice (CJEU) has reaffirmed that Morocco has no sovereignty over Western Sahara and that the occupied territory cannot be included
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Sahrawi Refugee Camps Flooded, Rescue & Aid Efforts Ongoing

By :SADR Embassy to Ethiopia & Permanent Representation to the African Union

23 September 2024

Heavy rainfall and flooding cause damage in Sahrawi refugee camps, rescue and aid efforts ongoing and still needed ADDIS ABABA—Since the end of August, the Sahrawi refugee camps have experienced unprecedented heavy and scattered rainfall, with conditions worsening in recent days. This has caused severe damage to infrastructure, particularly in the
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Documents (212)

Document Title	Publication Date
Assessing Loss and Damage Impacts Associated with Climate Change	21 November 2023
Hamas ‘Civilian’ Targets on 7 October 2023	30 October 2023
CSO reflections on the VGGT`s 10th anniversary	06 September 2023
Réflexions des OSC sur le 10e anniversaire des VGGT	06 September 2023
Perspectives de la société civile sur l`utilisation et l`application des Directives Volontaires sur la Gouvernance Responsable des Régimes Fonciers Applicables aux Terres, aux Pêches et aux Forêts	06 September 2023
Reflexiones de las OSC sobre el décimo aniversario de los VGGT	06 September 2023
Israeli Apartheid: Tool of Zionist Settler Colonialism	27 December 2022
Housing and Property Restitution in Middle East and North Africa	30 November 2022
الإنتقال من العمل الخيري والإغاثة إلى التنمية (أسئلة أستراتيجية)	21 September 2022
الإنتقال من العمل الخيري والإغاثة إلى التنمية (تعهدات الدولة)	19 September 2022
How to consider climate change-related cases in the VDB	07 September 2022
Comment aborder les cas liés au changement climatique dans la BDV	07 September 2022
Evolving ETOs	16 June 2022
Gold Extractivism- Sudan	16 June 2022
تحديات التحوّل أخضر في السودان	23 April 2022
Table of Sudan`s Funded Green-transition Projects	23 April 2022
Human Rights Related to Habitat (Land, Housing, Population Transfer, Natural Resources) in Moroccan-occupied Western Sahara	16 March 2022
Joint Submission to the Human Rights Committee on Israel’s Sixth Periodic Review	31 January 2022
Joint Parallel Report to the UN Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women	20 January 2022
Entrenching and Maintaining an Apartheid Regime over the Palestinian People as a Whole	07 January 2022
Climate Justice	25 November 2021
Counting on Justice: A Reckoning of Land Rights Violations and Their Consequences toward Reparations for Victims in Yemen	24 October 2021
Conflict, Occupation, War amid Global Cease-fire	18 October 2021
Ndola Rural Research Study, 2021	30 August 2021
Un derecho humano a la tierra	05 August 2021
Deconstructing Israel`s Housing and Land Apartheid	31 May 2021
Joint Input to SR on human rights in occupied Palestine	30 April 2021
Crowborough letter	25 February 2021
A Human Right to Land	24 February 2021
الأرض كحق من حقوق الانسان	24 February 2021
How Israeli Apartheid Affects the Syrian Golan	28 January 2021
التعويل على العدالة: ضحايا انتهاكات الأرض ودعم مشروع العدالة الانتقالية لجبر الضرر في اليمن	28 January 2021
Counting on Justice: A Reckoning of Land Rights Violations and Their Consequences toward Reparations for Victims in Yemen	28 January 2021
Bibliography on Israeli Apartheid	28 January 2021
UNSRs Address Israel over Naqab Demolitions	21 December 2020
UNSRs Address Israel over Naqab Demolitions	21 December 2020
تقرير جديد: الأرض وسط الجائحة	11 December 2020
Zimbabwe Technical Workshop Report	08 December 2020
Joint Urgent Appeal to the United Nations Special Procedures on the escalating water and sanitation crisis in the Gaza Strip, occupied Palestinian territory	10 November 2020
"A Pandemic of Violations"	05 October 2020
جائحة من الانتهاكات الإخلاء القسري، وغيره من انتهاكات حقوق الإنسان المرتبطة بالموئل وسط جائحة كوفيد-19	05 October 2020
الهدم الذاتي لمساكن الفلسطينيين في القدس: جريمة احتلالية مضاعفة بحق الإنسانية	04 October 2020
Input to HIC-HLRN World Habitat Day Report 2020	25 September 2020
Recognizing Israel’s Practice of Apartheid and Reconstituting the UN Centre against Apartheid	16 September 2020
Tools to Remedy Israeli Apartheid: Reconstituting the UN Special Committee against Apartheid and the UN Centre against Apartheid	01 September 2020
Incidents of infrastructure development that displace people: Baseline assessment of women’s wealth, wellbeing and habitat including potential losses	30 July 2020
Arguments Raised in Amici Curiae Submissions in the Situation in the State of Palestine before the International Criminal Court	29 April 2020
Interpreting the Human Right to Land within ICESCR	03 April 2020
Palestine/ZA: Sharpeville 60 Years on, Apartheid Continues	22 March 2020
Statement on the conclusion of the preliminary examination of the Situation in Palestine, and seeking a ruling on the scope of the Court’s territorial jurisdiction	20 December 2019
Land Inequality Framing Document	30 October 2019
What Sort of Humanitarian Aid for Western Sahara	19 September 2019
Israel’s Implementation of Covenant Rights and Obligations Related to Habitat	06 September 2019
Revue Nationale Volontaire sur les Objectifs de Développement Durable en Mauritanie	13 July 2019
WLH Kampala Workshop Report	14 May 2019
Al-Haq International Law Summer School 2019!	30 April 2019
Situation in the State of Palestine, ICC-01/18	30 April 2019
Israel’s Implementation of Covenant Rights and Obligations Related to Habitat	17 January 2019
Transmission letter to Israel’s Implementation of Covenant Rights and Obligations Related to Habitat	17 January 2019
Commission of Inquiry into Post-election Violence	05 December 2018
Declaration on the Rights of Peasants and Other People Working in Rural Areas	20 November 2018
Declaración de las Naciones Unidas sobre los Derechos de los Campesinos y de Otras Personas que Trabajan en las Zonas Rurales	20 November 2018
Déclaration des Nations Unies sur les droits des paysans et des autres personnes travaillant dans les zones rurales	20 November 2018
Small Farmer Uprisings and Rural Neglect in Egypt and Tunisia	30 September 2018
HIC’s role in the International Planning Committee for Food Sovereignty: Representing the Urban Constituency	02 July 2018
Rapport d’inventaire des biens des communautés locales de Mvuzi 3, Lubuaku, Lundu et Kilengo à Inga	06 June 2018
SDG Land Indicators presentation	27 April 2018
الحق في المدينة في بيروت الكبرى: تقييم السياق في ضوء أزمة اللاجئين والنازحين	23 April 2018
العدالة الانتقالية وحقوق الأرض والسكن في اليمن: محافظة تعز نموذجا	28 February 2018
إعلان دبي بشأن حوكمة الأراضي في الدول العربية	26 February 2018
"No hunger on earth as of today"	21 February 2018
International sources on the concept and criteria of “landlessness”	31 December 2017
Final Report of the Sixth Session of the Land Forum in MENA	30 October 2017
التقرير النهائي للدورة السادسة لمنتدى الأرض لإقليم الشرق الأوسط وشمال إفريقيا	30 October 2017
Land Forum VI program	25 October 2017
برنامج منتدى الأرض لشرق الأوسط وشمال إفريقيا	25 October 2017
SDG 6	18 July 2017
Human Rights Habitat Observatory	10 July 2017
“Spotlight” on UN High-Level Forum, SDGs	10 July 2017
Gains and Losses of Habitat III	09 July 2017
General Comment No. 24 on State Obligations under the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights in the Context of Business Activities	23 June 2017
“Sanctuary in the City: Beirut” Workshop Beirut	24 May 2017
Report of fourth “Sanctuary in the City: Beirut” Workshop Beirut May 2017	05 May 2017
Tunisia: Jemna Oasis Land Struggle	13 April 2017
The Right to Adequate Food Seminar: Promoting accountability of food security actions to the people most affected by food insecurity and malnutrition	24 January 2017
حصيلة الانتهاكات الإسرائيلية على حقوق الأراض والسكن في المناطق الفلسطينية المحتلة	31 December 2016
Fact Sheet on Israeli Housing and Land Rights Violations during 2016	31 December 2016
HIC-HLRN statement on Security Council resolution 2334	28 December 2016
بيان للتحالف الدولي للموئل –شبكة حقوق الأرض والسكن بشأن قرار مجلس الأمن رقم 2334	28 December 2016
Resolution on Israeli settler colonies, S/RES/2334 (2016)	23 December 2016
Resolution on Israeli settler colonies, S/RES/2334 (2016) Ar	23 December 2016
Draft outcome document of the United Nations Conference on Housing and Sustainable Urban Development (Habitat III), A/CONF.226/4	29 September 2016
Alternativas desde la sociedad civil hacia Hábitat III,	12 August 2016
Habitat II Commitments on Persons with Disabilities	21 July 2016
Habitat II Commitments on Land	21 July 2016
Restoring Human Rights and Habitat to the Habitat III Process and New Habitat Agenda	19 July 2016
Statement by the Quartet Principals on the Release of the Quartet Report	01 July 2016
CFS Recommendations on Connecting Smallholders to Markets	09 June 2016
Déclaration Finale, Atelier de formation des Communautés Locales d’Inga sur La Quantification des conséquences du déplacement	29 April 2016
Livret vert de la Convergence	19 March 2016
Livret vert de la Convergence des luttes pour la terre et l`eau	19 March 2016
Growing Stress on Jordan by Council on Foreign Relations	17 March 2016
General recommendation No. 34 (2016) on the rights of rural women	07 March 2016
التوصية العامة رقم 34 بشأن حقوق المرأة الريفية	07 March 2016
Recommandation générale No 34 sur les droits des femmes rurales, CEDAW/C/GC/34	07 March 2016
Recomendación general núm. 34 (2016) sobre los derechos de las mujeres rurales, CEDAW/C/GC/34	07 March 2016
Yemen: Report on the Ta`iz Situation	19 January 2016
Cairo Declaration on Housing, and Sustainable Urban Development	22 December 2015
The Paris Agreement, FCCC/CP/2015/L.9/Rev.1	12 December 2015
اتفاق باريس، FCCC/CP/2015/L.9/Rev.1	12 December 2015
"Building Climate-resilient Societies," HIC statement to COP21	04 December 2015
"Key Issues and Recommendations," Housing in the City We Need UTC	18 November 2015
Security of Tenure through the Habitat Agenda, 1976–2016	16 November 2015
تحويل عالمنا: خطة التنمية المستدامة لعام ٢٠٣٠، A/RES/70/1	21 October 2015
Transforming Our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, A/RES/70/1	21 October 2015
إطار العمل بشأن الأمن الغذائي والتغذية في الأزمات الممتدة	15 October 2015
Transforming the historical link between agricultural policy and inequality in Lebanon	01 September 2015
HIC Comments on Habitat III Issue Papers	31 July 2015
National Habitat III Parallel-reporting Tool	20 July 2015
Extraterritorial Human Rights Obligations of Local Government	20 July 2015
HIC Comments to the HRC-AC Local government and human rights draft report	15 June 2015
البيان الختامي من المؤتمر الثاني للحق الفلسطيني في الأرض والسكن: عيش بكرامة...وحق بالوجود	28 May 2015
"Toward a Global Alliance of Human Rights Cities for All II," Gwangju	17 May 2015
المجموعة الكاملة لتعليقات آلية المجتمع المدني على إطار عمل لجنة الأمن الغذائي العالمي	24 April 2015
أساسيات الموئل الثالث	16 April 2015
إتفاق حول إعلان مبادئ حول سد النهضة الإثيوبي العظيم	23 March 2015
Renaissance Dam Agreement on Declaration of Principles	23 March 2015
الخطوط التوجيهية الطوعية لضمان الاستدامة لمصائد الأسماك صغيرة النطاق في سياق الأمن الغذائي والقضاء على الفقر	03 March 2015
Habitat II Evaluation Criteria	03 March 2015
The Right to the City: Jerusalem	26 October 2014
المبادئ الخاصة بإستثمات الارشيدة في الزراعة واانظم الغذئية	18 October 2014
Small Farmer Uprisings and Rural Neglect in Egypt and Tunisia	30 September 2014
“Self- Determination, Statehood, and the Refugee Question under International Law in Namibia, Palestine, Western Sahara, and Tibet”	01 September 2014
تقرير المقررة الخاصة المعنية بحق الإنسان في الحصول على مياه الشرب المأمونة وخدمات الصرف الصحي: البعثة إلى الأردن	05 August 2014
Report of the Special Rapporteur on the human right to safe drinking water and sanitation: Mission to Jordan	05 August 2014
إعلان مسقط الوزاري حول المعاهدة الدولية بشأن الموارد الوراثية النباتية للأغذية والزراعة	21 September 2013
Concept Paper for a FAO Inventory of Legal Norms Applied to Protracted Crises	12 August 2013
ETOs and Situations of Conflict, Occupation and War: Applying the Maastricht Principles	11 July 2013
ETOs and Situations of Conflict, Occupation and War: Applying the Maastricht Principles	11 July 2013
High Level Expert Forum on Addressing Food Insecurity in Protracted Crises Report (September 2012)	14 September 2012
Gwangju Declaration on Human Right City	17 May 2011
Systematic Housing and Land Rights Violations against Syrian Kurds	17 March 2011
"تقرير الخبيرة المستقلة المعنية بمسألة التزامات حقوق الإنسان المتعلقة بالحصول على مياه الشرب المأمونة وخدمات الصرف الصحي: البعثة إلى مصر"	10 July 2010
Report of SR related to access to safe drinking water and sanitation Mission to Egypt July 2010	05 July 2010
Mexico City Charter for the Right to the City	01 July 2010
The legality of exploring and exploiting natural resources in Western Sahara	15 June 2010
السكن في مصر بين العشوائية والتحضر الرث	22 May 2010
Toward the Conference of High Contracting Parties of the Fourth Geneva Convention relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War (1949) on measures to enforce the Convention in the occupied Palestinian territory	01 April 2010
العراق: قانون هيئة دعاوي الملكية	09 March 2010
NGO Joint Letter to Switzerland on HCP Conference	05 February 2010
Centre for Minority Rights Development (Kenya) and Minority Rights Group (on behalf of Endorois Welfare Council) / Kenya, 276/03 :	02 February 2010
Declaration on Land Issues and Challenges in Africa	03 July 2009
Guidelines on Treaty-Specific Documents to be Submitted by States Parties, E/C.12/2008/2	24 March 2009
A Covenant of Dispossession and Genocide	15 July 2008
Water as a Human Right for the Middle East and North Africa	15 June 2008
إعلان الأمم المتحدة بشأن حقوق الشعوب الأصلية	02 October 2007
Déclaration des Nations Unies sur les droits des peuples autochtones	02 October 2007
Declaración de las Naciones Unidas sobre los derechos de los pueblos indígenas	02 October 2007
Basic Principles and Guidelines on Development-based Evictions and Displacement, A/HRC/4/18	26 August 2007
Principios Básicos y Directrices sobre los Desalojos y el Desplazamiento Generados por el Desarrollo, A/HRC/4/18	26 August 2007
Principes de base et directives sur les expulsions forcées et les déplacements liés au développement, A/HRC/4/18	26 August 2007
إعلان توصيات مؤتمر الفلاحين الدولى - إعلان نياليني	27 February 2007
Basic Principles and Guidelines on Development-based Evictions and Displacement, A/HRC/4/18	05 February 2007
Principes de base et directives concernant les expulsions et les déplacements liés au développement, A/HRC/4/18	05 February 2007
Namibia: amendments to draft resolution A/C.3/61/L.18/Rev.1 concerning Draft Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples	21 November 2006
إدارة المياه العابرة للحدود	15 June 2006
The European Charter for Equality of Women and Men in Local Life	16 May 2006
"Land, Territory and Dignity" Forum Declaration	09 March 2006
Housing and property restitution in the context of the return of refugees and internally displaced persons, E/CN.4/Sub.2/2005/17	28 June 2005
رد المساكن والممتلكات في سياق عودة اللاجئين والمشردين داخلياً "المبادئ المتعلقة برد المساكن والممتلكات إلى اللاجئين والمشردين، E/CN.4/Sub.2/2005/17	28 June 2005
التعليق العام رقم 15، الحق في الماء	20 January 2003
General Comment No. 15 (2002), The right to water	20 January 2003
تقرير المقرر الخاص المعني بالسكن اللائق بوصفع عنصراً من عناصر الحق في مستوى معيشي لائق، السيد ميلون كوتهاري، في زيارته إلى الأراضي الفلسطينية المحتلة، زيارة الأرض الفلسطينية المحتلة، E / CN.4 / 2003/5 / ADD.1	17 June 2002
Report of the Special Rapporteur on adequate housing as a component of the right to an adequate standard of living, Mr. Miloon Kothari, on his visit to the occupied Palestinian territories, E/CN.4/2003/5/Add.1	17 June 2002
Lessons in Privatization: Considerations for Arab States	01 January 2002
In Quest of Bhabrekar Nagar	31 December 2001
A Função Social da Propriedade	01 November 2001
Statute of the City (law No. 10257) general guidelines for urban policy and other measures	21 July 2001
Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, A/RES/70/1	05 September 2000
A Doutrina da Função Social da Propriedade	01 March 2000
The Investment Encouragement Act 1999 (Amended 2007)	22 July 1999
”دراسة في المعاهدات والاتفاقات وغيرها من الترتيبات البنّاءة بين الدول والسكان الشعوب الأصلية،" تقرير نهائي مقدم من المقرر الخاص، E/CN.4/Sub.2/1999/20	22 June 1999
Protocol on Water and Health to the 1992 Convention on the Protection and Use of Transboundary Watercourses and International Lakes, done in London, on 17 June 1999.	17 June 1999
Gender and the Habitat Agenda: Engendering Our Human Settlements	01 April 1999
“Women’s access, control and tenure of land, property and settlement”	25 July 1998
Convention on the Law of the Non-navigational Uses of International Watercourses, New York, 21 May 1997.	21 May 1997
اتفاقية قانون استخدام المجاري المائية الدولية في الأغراض غير الملاحية	21 May 1997
Declaración de Estambul sobre los Asentamientos Humanos y Programa de Hábitat, A/CONF.65/14	14 June 1996
La Déclaration d`Istanbul sur les etablissements humains et le Programme pour l`habitat, A/CONF.65/14	14 June 1996
إعلان استمبول وجدول أعمال المستوطنات البشرية	14 April 1996
Constructing a New Social Alternative	03 February 1996
إعلان القدس: مشروع ميثاق حركة حقوق السكن الفلسطينية	29 May 1995
United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification in Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or Desertification, Particularly in Africa.	14 October 1994
اتفاقية الأمم المتحدة لمكافحة التصحر في البلدان التي تعاني من الجفاف الشديد و /أو من التصحر، وبخاصة في إفريقيا	14 October 1994
United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification in Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or Desertification, Particularly in Africa.	14 October 1994
أبعاد حقوق الإنسان اللتي يحتوي عليها نقل السكان، بما في ذلك توطين المستوطنين" تقرير مرحلي أعده السيد عون شوكت الخصاونة، المقرر الخاص، E/CN.4/Sub.2/1994/18	30 June 1994
"إعلان ريو بشأن البيئة والتنمية"، "جدول أعمال القرن 21،" تقرير الأمم المتحدة المعني بالبيئة والتنمية، A / CONF.151 / 26 (المجلد الأول)	12 August 1992
NGO Treaty on Urbanisation. Towards Just Democratic and Sustainable Cities, Towns and Villages	16 June 1992
Agenda 21	14 June 1992
الاتفاقية رقم 169 بشأن الشعوب الأصلية والقبلية في البلدان المستقلة	27 June 1989
The situation in the Middle East, A/RES/37/123	14 December 1984
S/RES/465 (1980)	01 March 1980
ICJ Advisory Opinion on Western Sahara (summary)	16 October 1975
Flood Control & Marine Pollution of Continental Origin, Institute of International Law, 55th Conference	17 August 1972
Right to the City in Greater Beirut p	01 January 1970
Right to the City in Greater Beirut p	01 January 1970
“Legal Problems Concerning the Juridical Status and Political Activities of the Zionist Organization / Jewish Agency: A Study in International and United States Law,” William and Mary Law Review, Vol. 9, No. 1	31 December 1967
Henri Lefebvre, “Le droit à la ville,” L`Homme et la société, Vol. 6, No. 1 (1967)	01 June 1967
Jewish National Fund, Memorandum of Association	23 December 1956
Regulation Governing Navigation on International Rivers, Resolution of Paris	19 October 1934
Convention and Statute on the Régime of Navigable Waterways of International Concern	17 March 1921
International Regulation regarding the Use of International Watercourses for Purposes other than Navigation- Declaration of Madrid, 20 April 1911	20 April 1911

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